Squat Depth and Load on the Knee and Spine: A Review of 164 Studies
Hartmann H, Wirth K, Klusemann M
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Summary
A review integrating 164 studies on how squat depth relates to knee and spine loading. Assuming healthy knees and proper form, there is no evidence that deep squats increase injury risk; heavy partial squats with supramaximal loads may instead promote long-term degeneration.
Key findings
- 1
Peak patellofemoral compressive stress occurs around 90° of flexion; beyond that, a 'wrapping effect' distributes the load
- 2
There is no evidence that deep squats raise the risk of passive-tissue injury, and concerns about increased chondromalacia or osteoarthritis risk are unfounded
- 3
Half/quarter squats with supramaximal loads may instead promote long-term degeneration of the knee and spine
- 4
These conclusions assume healthy knees and proper technique
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